Background: This study is focused on the design and manufacture of a biosensor to detect the presence of the two chemicals Pb+2 and 222Rn in soil and building materials. Materials and Methods: The biosensor is used on the basis of primers (ssDNA with high guanine). These are different sequences of nitrogenous bases. Biosensor-Ι,and biosensor-Ι, Ι,have sequences as follow: 5′,-AGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG-′, 3 and 5′,-GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-′, 3, respectively. The results show that the average 222Rn (BIOS-Ι, I) was higher than 222Rn (BIOS-Ι, ). The average Pb+2 (BIOS-Ι, ) was higher than Pb+2 (BIOS-Ι, Ι, ). Results: The 222Rn and Pb+2 in the samples were ordered as following: Indian granite > soil loc 2 > Chinese granite > soil loc 1 > soil loc 3 > Iraqi mosaic > Iranian mosaic > Iraqi bricks > Iraqi thermostone blocks > Indian ceramic > cement1 > Iranian thermostone blocks > Turkish marble > Iranian ceramic > Iranian bricks > cement2 > Iranian marble. ConclusION: The levels of Pb+2 and 222Rn in Chinese and Indian granites are higher than the acceptable limits. This method can be used for detecting radioactive and organic materials. It can also exclude radiatION damage from field testing.

Crops growing in salt-affected soils may suffer from physiological drought stress, ION toxicity, and mineral deficiency which then lead to reduced growth and productivity. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of different salinity levels, i.e. ECe=3 dS m-1 (control), 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1 on wheat grain yield, yield components and leaf ION uptake. Desired salinity levels were obtained by mixing adequate NaCl before filling the pots. Soil water was maintained at 70% of available water holding capacity. Results revealed that Kouhdasht and Tajan showed highest and lowest grain yield and yield compomnents as compared to others. Leaf Na+ and Cl- concentratIONs of all genotypes increased significantly with increasing soil salinity, with the highest concentratIONs in Tajan, followed by Rasoul, Atrak and Kouhdasht. Highest leaf K+ concentratION and K+: Na+ ratio were observed in Kouhdasht, followed by Atrak, Rasoul and Tajan, respectively.Based on higher grain yield productION, higher leaf K+ concentratION, K+: Na+ ratio and lower leaf Na+ and Cl- concentratIONs, Kouhdasht and Atrak were identified as the most salt-tolerant genotypes.

An experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of the leaching parameters on impurity ION concentratIONs of the liquid phase in ulexite leaching. Powdered ulexite ore was leached in an aqueous medium with sulfur dioxide. The Taguchi experimental design approach and statistical methods were used to evaluate the effects of the leaching parameters (solid/liquid ratio, temperature, pH, particle size, time) on impurity ION concentratIONs (concentratIONs of magnesium, calcium, iron IONs) in the liquid phase. The average B2O3 leaching ratio of ulexite ore was found as 98. 56 % (± 0. 95). Statistically effective leaching parameters on impurity concentratIONs (and delta values for concentratIONs) were found as pH (770 ppm) for magnesium, solid/liquid ratio (372 ppm) for calcium ION concentratIONs. The examined parameters were not found effective for iron ION concentratIONs.

FenitrothION (C9H12NO5PS) and butachlor (CI7H26CINO2) are widely used in agricultural fields as pesticides. Liquid liquid extractION (L.L.E) with dichloromethane ,liquid liquid microextractION and Cl8 solid phase extractION (SPE) techniques are used for extractin of liquid samples.The samples are analyzed by GC/MS-EI ,GC/MS-CI and selected ION monitoring (SIM) mode for quantizatION. The limit of detectION (LOD) is 10 ng/l with sim mode at m/z 125 fenitrothION and 15 ng/l at m/z 176 butachlor .The relative standard deviatION for fenitrothION and butachlor is 3.5 and 8.5 % respectively (n=5).The concentratION of fenitrothION and butachlor in September was higher compared to December and April 2001.

The effects of salinity and supplied calcium chloride on growth and leaf IONs concentratION of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) were investigated in Gorgan, Iran. A factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with four NaCl levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and four CaCl2 levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1). Data of growth, yield and leaf’s Ca, K, and Na content were subjected to analyze of variance. The results showed that fruit yield decreased under salinity stress. Increasing Ca2+concentratION in the nutrient solutION increased the fruit yield. Leaf Ca2+, K+, and N content decreased under salinity stress. Tomato in its response to nutrient solutION, salinized with sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The results obtained from this experiment show that salinity stress caused a significant reductION in plant growth, leaf number and fruit weight.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on concentratION of Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl) IONs, in Kinnow mandarin budded on four citrus rootstocks, Bakraii (mandarin x sweet lime), Volcameriana, Sour orange and Mexican lime in a glasshouse. The design of experiment was a completely randomized with factorial arrangement and four replicatIONs. Results showed that rootstocks had grate effect on concentratION of IONs in scION. ConcentratION and distributION of IONs were significantly varied in control and other treatments. Salinity increased Na and Cl IONs in shoots and roots, but the rate of increase varied among rootstocks and treatments. Lowest concentratION of Na and Cl IONs were in shoot of scION on Mexican lime. Under salinity stress K concentratION decreased in shoots of scION on Volkamerina and increased it on other rootstocks. Generally it was concluded that under the conditION of experiment, Mexican lime and to some extend Bakraii could induce salinity resistance in Kinnow mandarin scION.

To optimize tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plant tissue culture conditION, the effect of 13 different hormonal combinatIONs and two explants of cotyledon and hypocotyl on the regeneratION rate of three Newton, Infinity and Defines cultivars were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replicatIONs. The highest shoot number (11.9 shoots per explant) was obtained for Defines cultivar on MS medium containing the hormones of TDZ=0.68, NAA=0.1milligrams per liter and cotyledon explant. Plant defense responses against environmental factors are one of the inhibitor factors of explants regeneratION in plant tissue culture. Calcium ION signaling is one of the primary events and, of course, the most important event in plant defense response against pathogens, Therefore, the effect of verapamil as a calcium channel blocker was investigated on the plant defense response. For this purpose, inoculatION was performed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 and based on optimized tissue culture conditION. The effect of verapamil in four concentratIONs of 0, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per liter was investigated in a co-culture medium. Results showed that the use of verapamil in comparison with the control sample reduced the plant defense response. Also, the use of 50 milligrams per liter of verapamil increased the amount of regeneratION